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A Bond is basically a loan in which the lender is a common everyday consumer and the borrower is the government, an agency, or a company. The U.S. Treasury, municipalities, and companies issue or sell bonds to obtain certain amounts of money to fund their day-to-day operations or to finance specific projects. Purchase of bonds enables the borrower to invest cash that will eventually be returned, sometimes with added interest.
Because bonds are actually loans, the amount of the bond is the principle, and interest is paid on the principle: usually at a fixed rate. Bond insurance protects the issuer if they are unable to follow through on their end of the “bond bargain.” By paying an insurance premium, the bond issuer gains the security of knowing that the principle and interest of the bond will be paid for, if the issuer in unable to do so.
How bonds are classified depends on several factors, including: